“Omul este menit a se desavarsi.
De aici vine ca cel ce nu ţinteşte spre desăvârşire se strică şi stricăciunea
este începutul nenorocirii… Nici un om înrăutăţit nu e fericit. Omul rău suferă
chiar şi în mijlocul bogăţiilor şi niciodată sufletul său nu are pace. Astfel
fericirea pe pământ stă în împlinirea menirii pentru care suntem făcuţi, adică
a lucrării noastre asupra-ne şi asupra semenilor noştri spre a ne face tot mai
buni” – spunea acum aproape două secole un român al cărui nume l-a purtat Institutul
Agronomic din Bucureşti - N. Bălcescu.
“Man
is meant to be accomplished. It is from this that the one who does not aim at
perfection is destroyed and destruction is the beginning of misfortune ... No
wretched man is happy. The evil man suffers even in the midst of riches, and
his soul never has peace. Thus, happiness on earth lies in the fulfillment of
the purpose for which we are made, that is, of our work on us and our peers to
make us better "- said almost two centuries ago a Romanian who named when
I studied and absolved the Agronomic Institute of Bucharest.
Extrapolated
in my opinion now it is valuable for human envinronmenthal influence.
Welcome
in sea buckthorn country, my country, Romania
by dr.eng. Proorocu A. Angel
judicial
expert in agronomy
When
I was student, in 1982, at the Pomiculture Students Debating Society of the
Faculty of Horticulture in Bucharest, our professor dr. Cepoiu Nicolae told us
about the new current in agricultural theory in Romania, the introduction of
some species from spontaneous flora in culture, one of them being sea
buckthorn. Sea buckthorn is called by the Romanian peasants “berries of the
Holy Virgin”.
It
seams that when Romans imperial legionairs invaded Dacia and saw Charpetian
Mountains at the base of them was a line of plants colored like a metal, like
steel. It seams to be a very long chain. When they arrived near mountains, they
understand that it was a plant. They called it catena (lat. of chain). It may be the origin of the Roanian name of
sea buckthorn: catina alba, catina cenusie, catina de rau etc.
In
a long period of my life, years with personal research and work in high
institutions like the Institute of Agricultural Economy of The Romanian Academy
of Agronomichal and Forest Sciences, Romanian Union of Agricultural
Cooperation, studies, trips, working in other different domains, I had the
honour to be present in 2005 at Beijing, in 2009 at Belokuriha and in 2013 in
Potsdam with my presentations: “THE UTILIZATION OF THE SEA BUCKTHORN IN
ROMANIA, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE”, “SEABUCKTHORNOLOGY A NEW INTERDISCIPLINARY
SCIENCE AND ITS NECESSARY TERMINOLOGY” respectively “A SEA BUCKTORNOLOGY
HANDBOOK FOR GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL THEORY AND PRACTICAL INFORMATION CIRCUIT” (as
poster). I want to thanks to all organisors for my accumulations and wonderfull
remembers from all these important for me events.
Romania
has many natural and scientifically resources in all domains of agriculture. In
year 2000 it had 3500 species of plants (800 in forests, 300 weeds, 1150 in the
Danube Delta), there were 300 species of birds and 100 species of mammals. In
my country, the modern scientific statute of agriculture as we understand now started
in the inter-war period. In the period 1938-1943, Constantin Filipescu,
coordinating a large staff, published “The Great Agricultural Romanian
Encyclopedia”.
"Any
country with pretensions of civilization must have in the cultural treasure
agricultural encyclopedia and dictionaries needed by anyone who is concerned by
this millenary activity"-said the author in the introduction. In the first
volume of this work sea buckthorn was ample described
Image 1 Sulina a place in Danube Delta with
much sb various and helpful plants
photo by Prorocu Valentin George
from page 710: “cătina
albă bot. Hippophae rhamnoides L. Fr. Saule epineux, germ. Sanddorn, engl. Sea
buckthorn (sea, buck, thorn) bush usually 2-5 m. it may became a little tree of
5-6 m. from slippery grounds of river’s gravels. One-year stems has silver
scaly brush and ferruginous rust colored down, early they get thorns, old
steams have a great number of short steams transformed in thorns. The ovoid
buds are covered by a small number of golden yellow scales with silver brush.
Leafs are linear lancelet or narrow oblongs 4-5 (6) cm. long and 5-6 (10) mm.
breadth, short petiolated, petiole of 1-3 mm., entered edge; superior face at
first has silver scales, at maturity dark green, glabrous and only the long of
principal nervure with down, inferior face is silver with scaly silver thread
to golden yellow which at friction are taken on the fingers. Dioeciously
flowers are little, less apparent, greenish, situated on annual stems on which
it appears simultaneous with leafs by 2-3 at the base of inferior leaf which
are hiding integrally. Male flowers sessile with yellow-green perigonium on
intern face have silver scaly thread in tubular form, evidently separate at the
extremity in two lobs on square disk. Female flowers in raceme specula form,
with a perigonium evidently separate at the extremity in two lobs, covered in
exterior with scaly thread; unicarpelar pistil, one only box, with one ovule.
Blossoms from April to May. Fruit is an achene covered in exterior with an
induzion, seems that in the inferior part persists the perigonium which became
fleshy. Fruit is ovoid like a pea bean brown-orange to golden yellow, the
fleshy part has acidulous taste, contains a poisonous principium, which don’t
hinder birds to devour them after the snow fall. The pip, achene with solid
brown shining cover, usually has one seed. The trunk may be strong developed
4-6m. and at soil level it may be 10-15 cm. in diameter with many ramifications
has lateral direction, sinuously, covered at the beginning with brown smooth
bark, in time it has a rhytidome dark brown scaly profoundly cracked. The
hardwood yellow-brown, became by drying weighty, solid, may be polish, don’t
resists in air, the ashes are rich in potassium. The striking root is profound,
because the pivoted part penetrate depth the soil and superficial by lateral
roots parallels with the surface, from lateral roots in sands there are
starting many suckers.
In
roots there are tuberosities in which leaves in symbiosis an Actinomicete
capable to assimilate atmospherically nitrogen. Is spread on marine dunes,
alluvional sands along rivers and around lakes on stonily versants and
crumbling bank, coasts and cliffs, detritus degraded pasture lands, etc. Its
principal area is in Central Asia from Caucasian territory to North of Persia
and Ural, to the East of Asia. In Europe it is along of Scandinavian coasts, in
Baltic Countries to North Sea, South of England to the south of Europe
vegetating on a narrow band on Mediterranean littoral in interior on vales in
mountains or hills in North of Spain, South of France, North and Center of
Italy, Yugoslavia, Down Austria, Hungary, South of Romania and Bulgaria. In our
country Hippophae is in hills territories, Meridional and Eastern Carpathians
valleys of versants from Moldavia and in Muntenia brings along valleys to field
to the Danube.
Image 2. The capacity of roots to generate
many suckers-photoProorocu Angel 2004
An
insular center of sea buckthorn is in Danube Delta on Black Sea littoral in the
place called Cardon at north of Sulina (5 km.) the optimum of its area is in
under Carpathian zone of aflorisment of salifer, age Mediterranean inferior
aquitanian in Ialomita valley, Laculete, Prahova valley and its affluent
Campina, Comarnic, Telega, Slanic, Teleajan valley, Homoraciu, Buzau valley,
Cislau, Nehoiasi, Ramnicu Sarat valley, valleys from Vrancea Country etc. and
it continues in all basins to Bucovina. Utility in forestry for the fixing of
dunes or moving grounds supports more salts in soil Na Cl, it may be the
national essence for the restoration of Vrancea Country and other regions
deforested from saline under Carpathians in which the installation of forest on
salt soils is difficult. Its ample ramification and numerous thorns make it
valorous for hedges.
As
bush it is very ornamental also with its silver leaf and its numerous orange
fruits and persists on branches after the snow fall. It may be multiplied by seeds,
slips, marcottage and suckers.”
Author
declared that the activity of elaboration of the encyclopedia was along the
after first war period.
I
proudly may affirm the experience of Romanian specialists in the utilization of
Hippophae rhamnoides in soil amelioration. In 2005 spring Romania has a great
surface of flood. The economic phenomenon from the end of XIX Century when
forests were destroyed and acaparated for the construction of railways in
Central Europe was the same in the legislative vide after 1990 and the
situation in Romania is dramatic because the amplitude of destruction is
incomparable. The mistake in the tackle of sea buckthorn is the attempt to
define all varieties as one kind of assortment. It has a great variability and
adaptability.
Image 3 Nodules of symbiotic organisms on roots
- photo by Proorocu A. Angel
Romanian
researchers had demonstrated that the specie has the capacity to accumulate in its
tissue a great level from some radioactive elements, characteristically for the
soil and subsoil in its habitat zone. In soil and subsoil there are slowly
transformations of radioactive elements, with variable times of halve which
give to the crust a certain natural radioactivity. Alfa radioactivity results
from the transformation of radium in radon, the beta radioactivity is given in
special by the isotopic form of potassium being in soil near K40 ions. Romanian
measurements of fruits in regions which are known with the particularity of
radioactivity, established that there were 34-37 less alfa global concentration
like the maxim admitted limit in potable water and 2-3 more beta radiations.
This illustrated the capacity of fruits to indicate the presence of natural
radioactivity in soil, there are storing of beta radiation from absorbed
radioactive elements on soil particles or dissolved in soil solution. There are
other species like Solanum nigrum (Romanian zarna), Veratrum album (stregoaie)
which has toxic components influenced by the soil composition. These explain
many contradictions about the benefice or lethal effect of fruit utilization.
The authors of the Romanian Encyclopedia considered it like not recommended in
feeding, their occidental formation and sources are explaining this opinion.
Conclusion is that the variability of this specie is the motive of many
contradictions about the concentration of components and the large utilization
of it.
Sea
buckthorn is called by the Romanian peasants “berries of the Holy Virgin”.
Romanian people used from hundred of years the fruits for the treatment of
anemia, diarrhea, rheumatism and rash. From fruits they obtained many products
in feeding: juice, vine, jam (with cherry, apples and plums), butter etc., they
used it as textile colorant. Hippophae rhamnoides L. was used as a solution for
the rehabilitation of denuded grounds and as a quality of it, the fact that the
plant assimilates atmospherically nitrogen directly by roots. In modern
pharmaceutics it is also used in cosmetics, many treatments and for burned and
irradiated tissues. In the feeding of domestic animals were used some products,
for the aspect of the hair of dogs, cats, and horses, the quality of eggs and
the immunity. Plants are used like decorative plants and hedge; their
green-white color is in contrast with the orange of flowers and fruits.
Lupe Z. Ioan, Grigorescu Emanoil, Brad Ion, Cireasa Victor, Manea Stefan are
some of Romanian specialists in forestry, horticulture, medicine, bio-chemistry
with many studies and aplications of sea buckthorn. In Romania Hippophae rhamnoides L. was the
object of many national research programs.
Now there are not investitures and are not mobilized scientifical and
financiar forces which may use modern instruments for the obtaining all
advantages of this plantat the great potential and necessity in actual crises.
Some institutions and industrial units continue the tradition with good
results, but I think that is not the level which is possible in the actual
potential of Romania. It must be a solution of the rehabilitation of thousand
of hectares of Romanian denuded grounds. One important step in sea buckthorn implementation
as a resource in actual human crises is a handbook
of Seabuckthornology, in my country they implement silvosofia and
silvocalia, I am not against for this kind of sciences but in conditions when
the Earth is in this monstrous kind of crises, sea buckthorn being a solution
as I presented in my Doctorate Thesis, at Beijing, in Russia and in Germany, I
think the implementation of a new
concept and finding solutions for the vital problems is most important and necessary.
In this direction there are, in my
opinion, for Romania in particular, and for entire world in general 6 reasons:
1.
Romania has a great variety of the biological material which was not
catalogued and capitalized in its all aspects and possibilities;
2.
Sea buckthorn is a solution in soil, considered as an organism, birds,
animals and human health in poor and debased regions but not only there;
3.
Sea buckthorn (as material and scientific abordation) from Romania may
be a source of biological material, treasure of scientifical experience in many
domains of human crises for the rest of Europe, why not the world, harmonious
implementing our national traditions with high technologies in production and
presentation on a large market interested in ecological and natural produces;
4.
Being at the last “door” of Danube most important and most facil way of
communication and transport in old times there were founded solutions and made hidrological
works by European Comission for the Danube specialists in 1856-1938 period when
participants of many countries, at the greatest level of XIX and XX century
possibilities, sea buckthorn was utilized for sophisticated hydrological and consolidation works. Romanian peasants had all times abilities in
using it in treatements, feeding as colorant. After second WW II it was an
emulation and was developed experience of Romanian forestry, peisagists, soil
amelioration specialists. Important results were in research and production of
pharmaceutical, feeding, cosmetics industries of important specialists. A great
part of this activity was abandoned after 1990; There are problems now when
forest fruits are harvested chaotical without scientific reasons by
“enterprisers” to be sold to foreign firms with a little profit, many animals
have not possibilities to find their habitual food and are migrating in cities
and villages, to find food in garbidge pubels, bears are notorious in our new
times face of the country;
5.
As you may see, in all my presentations in my opinion is that it is necessary
a new approach of sea buckthorn with all its possibilities of utilization
simultaneous applied;
6.
It is necessary an educational program in agricultural schools of all
levels, as I presented, in my country it was a beginning in 1982, to be
implemented to the future generations the culture necessary to understand and
apply sea buckthorn utilization in all domains. It is a plant which we can meet
in all Euro-Asia and now artificially distribuited in America. We have the
example of Viticulture; the contribution of national schools was vital in Vitis vinifera crises caused by philoxera and
evolution of culture systems and diversified products.
There are actual
realizations in my country, I met some of peoples which are involved in
particular or adjacent activities in connection with sea buckthorn, at my
presentation of Doctorate Thesis in 2006, participated and honored me with
this, prof. dr. Ion Brad, the most famous representing researcher and promoter of
sea buckthorn in Romania. Many great specialists involved in sea buckthorn
research and utilisation in many domains disappeared. In my opinion in absence
of material and financial support there are not made enterprises at the
potential of Romanian thesaurus in this domain. Who have not imaged of last
generations accumulations may not be able to have maximum results? As example
Danube Delta is a great place of permanent transformations, possibilities of
research in many aspects. In 2006 I presented in public my
doctorate thesis: “Studies about the
importance of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the environmental
protection and human health economy”. I think in the entire world it is
a wrong treatment in climate soil and health crises. I am proud to had the
intuition, with help of prof. dr. Berca Mihai who coordinate my thesis, to
present some solutions, I need persons who understand it and promote research
and implementation of sea buckthorn utilization in this sense. I consider ISA
the most important solution to make all of them reality. As a reflection of my
person I invite you to access my blogs:
Unfortunately, more of
texts are in Romanian but I have also picture and some texts in English in sea
buckthorn domain, terminology and in envinronment, I think is an important and
actual educational aspect presented and I think necessary in a global activity.
I attach to this
presentation a Bibliography (a
part of books is in my propriety) you may also see My Sea Buckthorn Library and Album. In the Bibliography I
present with italic characters
Romanian treasure of sea buckthorn and adiacent abordations, intending to omagiate
a long list of specialists in many domains, authors and promotors, a large part
of them of the miraculous plant of Romanian rich in and God blest territory
material but important: with a high quality intelectuals. Unfortunately, actual
generations and interests are not continuating the treasure of natural and
spiritual positive acumulations and we are where we are. It is my honour to
present a little bit of Romanian natural resources and human efforts in domain
of sea buckthorn.
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